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  Circuit Techniques for Clock Sources &mdash AN12
  PDF, 150 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: Oct 1, 1985
  Circuits for clock sources are presented. Special attention is given to crystal-based designs including TXCOs and VXCOs.
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  Application Note 12
  October 1985
  Circuit Techniques for Clock Sources
  Jim Williams
  Almost all digital or communication systems require some
  form of clock source. Generating accurate and stable clock
  signals is often a difficult design problem.
  Quartz crystals are the basis for most clock sources. The
  combination of high Q, stability vs time and temperature,
  and wide available frequency range make crystals a
  price-performance bargain. Unfortunately, relatively little
  information has appeared on circuitry for crystals and
  engineers often view crystal circuitry as a black art, best
  left to a few skilled practitioners (see box, “About Quartz
  Crystals”).
  In fact, the highest performance crystal clock circuitry does
  demand a variety of complex considerations and subtle
  implementation techniques. Most applications, however,
  don’t require this level of attention and are relatively easy
  to serve. Figure 1 shows five (5) forms of simple crystal
  clocks. Types 1a through 1d are commonly referred to
  as gate oscillators. Although these types are popular,
  they are often associated with temperamental operation, …

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  High Speed Comparator Techniques &mdash AN13
  PDF, 1.1 Mb, Datei veröffentlicht: Apr 1, 1985
  The AN13 is an extensive discussion of the causes and cures of problems in very high speed comparator circuits. A separate applications section presents circuits, including a 0.025% accurate 1Hz to 30MHz V/F converter, a 200ns 0.01% sample-hold and a 10MHz fiber-optic receiver. Five appendices covering related topics complete this note.
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  Application Note 13
  April 1985
  High Speed Comparator Techniques
  Jim Williams
  INTRODUCTION
  Comparators may be the most underrated and underutilized monolithic linear component. This is unfortunate
  because comparators are one of the most flexible and
  universally applicable components available. In large
  measure the lack of recognition is due to the IC op amp,
  whose versatility allows it to dominate the analog design
  world. Comparators are frequently perceived as devices,
  which crudely express analog signals in digital form—a
  1-bit A/D converter. Strictly speaking, this viewpoint is
  correct. It is also wastefully constrictive in its outlook.
  Comparators don’t “just compare” in the same way that
  op amps don’t “just amplify”.
  Comparators, in particular high speed comparators, can
  be used to implement linear circuit functions which are
  as sophisticated as any op amp-based circuit. Judiciously
  combining a fast comparator with op amps is a key to
  achieving high performance results. In general, op ampbased circuits capitalize on their ability to close a feedback
  loop with precision. Ideally, such loops are maintained
  continuously over time. Conversely, comparator circuits …

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  Considerations for Successive Approximation A ->D Converters &mdash AN17
  PDF, 641 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: Dec 1, 1985
  A tutorial on SAR type A/D converters, this note contains detailed information on several 12-bit circuits. Comparator, clocking, and preamplifier designs are discussed. A final circuit gives a 12-bit conversion in 1.8µs. Appended sections explain the basic SAR technique and explore D/A considerations.
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  Application Note 17
  December 1985
  Considerations for Successive Approximation
  A→D Converters
  Jim Williams
  conversion speeds below 2Ојs, although they are quite
  expensive. Because of these factors, it is often desirable to
  build, rather than buy, a high speed 12-bit SAR converter.
  Even in cases where high speed is not required, lower cost
  may still mandate building the circuit instead of using a
  monolithic device. The most popular A→D method employed today is the
  successive approximation register (SAR) converter (see
  Box, “The Successive Approximation Technique”). Numerous monolithic, hybrid and modular devices embodying
  the successive approximation technique are available, and
  monolithic devices are slowly gaining in performance.
  Nevertheless, hybrid and modular SAR types feature
  the best performance. In particular, at the 12-bit level,
  the fastest monolithic devices currently available require
  about 10Ојs to convert. Modular and hybrid units achieve LT1021
  R1
  15V
  7V
  1k …

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  Linear Circuits for Digital Systems &mdash AN31
  PDF, 1.5 Mb, Datei veröffentlicht: Feb 2, 1989
  Subtitled "Some Affable Analogs for Digital Devotees," discusses a number of analog circuits useful in predominantly digital systems. VPP generators for flash memories receive extensive treatment. Other examples include a current loop transmitter, dropout detectors, power management circuits, and clocks.
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  Step Down Switching Regulators &mdash AN35
  PDF, 6.2 Mb, Datei veröffentlicht: Aug 1, 1989
  Discusses the LT1074, an easily applied step-down regulator IC. Basic concepts and circuits are described along with more sophisticated applications. Six appended sections cover LT1074 circuitry detail, inductor and discrete component selection, current measuring techniques, efficiency considerations and other topics.
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  Application Note 35
  August 1989
  Step-Down Switching Regulators
  Jim Williams
  lost in this voltage-to-current-to-magnetic п¬Ѓeld-to-current-to-charge-to-voltage conversion. In practice, the
  circuit elements have losses, but step-down efficiency is
  still higher than with inherently dissipative (e.g., voltage
  divider) approaches. Figure 2 feedback controls the basic
  circuit to regulate output voltage. In this case switch ontime (e.g., inductor charge time) is varied to maintain the
  output against changes in input or loading.
  REGULATED
  OUTPUT IN PULSE
  WIDTH
  MODULATOR Figure 1 is a conceptual voltage step-down or “buck”
  circuit. When the switch closes the input voltage appears
  at the inductor. Current flowing through the inductor-capacitor combination builds over time. When the switch
  IN OUT AN35 F01 Figure 1. Conceptual Voltage Step-Down (“Buck”) Circuit opens current flow ceases and the magnetic field around
  the inductor collapses. Faraday teaches that the voltage
  induced by the collapsing magnetic п¬Ѓeld is opposite to the
  originally applied voltage. As such, the inductor’s left side
  heads negative and is clamped by the diode. The capacitors accumulated charge has no discharge path, and a DC
  potential appears at the output. This DC potential is lower
  than the input because the inductor limits current during …

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  Bridge Circuits &mdash AN43
  PDF, 3.8 Mb, Datei veröffentlicht: Jun 1, 1990
  Subtitled "Marrying Gain and Balance," this note covers signal conditioning circuits for various types of bridges. Included are transducer bridges, AC bridges, Wien bridge oscillators, Schottky bridges, and others. Special attention is given to amplifier selection criteria. Appended sections cover strain gauge transducers, understanding distortion measurements, and historical perspectives on bridge readout mechanisms and Wein bridge oscillators.
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  Application Note 43
  June 1990
  Bridge Circuits
  Marrying Gain and Balance
  Jim Williams
  Bridge circuits are among the most elemental and powerful
  electrical tools. They are found in measurement, switching, oscillator and transducer circuits. Additionally, bridge
  techniques are broadband, serving from DC to bandwidths
  well into the GHz range. The electrical analog of the mechanical beam balance, they are also the progenitor of all
  electrical differential techniques. and stability of the basic configuration. In particular, transducer manufacturers are quite adept at adapting the bridge
  to their needs (see Appendix A, “Strain Gauge Bridges”).
  Careful matching of the transducer’s mechanical characteristics to the bridge’s electrical response can provide a
  trimmed, calibrated output. Similarly, circuit designers
  have altered performance by adding active elements (e.g.,
  amplifiers) to the bridge, excitation source or both. Resistance Bridges
  Figure 1 shows a basic resistor bridge. The circuit is
  usually credited to Charles Wheatstone, although S. H.
  Christie, who demonstrated it in 1833, almost certainly
  preceded him.1 If all resistor values are equal (or the two
  sides ratios are equal) the differential voltage is zero. The
  excitation voltage does not alter this, as it affects both
  sides equally. When the bridge is operating off null, the
  excitation’s magnitude sets output sensitivity. The bridge …

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  A Seven-Nanosecond Comparator for Single Supply Operation &mdash AN72
  PDF, 882 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: May 1, 1998
  AN72 is an extensive discussion of the causes and cures of problems in very high speed comparator circuits. A separate applications section uses the 7ns LT1394 in V-to-F converters, crystal oscillators, clock skew generators, triggers, sampling configurations and a nanosecond pulse stretcher. Appendices cover related topics.
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  Application Note 72
  May 1998
  A Seven-Nanosecond Comparator
  for Single Supply Operation
  Guidance for Putting Civilized Speed to Work
  Jim Williams INTRODUCTION
  In 1985 Linear Technology Corporation introduced the
  LT В®1016 Comparator. This device was the first readily
  usable, high speed TTL comparator. Previous ICs were
  either too slow or unstable, preventing widespread
  acceptance. The LT1016 was, and is, a highly successful
  product.
  Recent technology trends have emphasized low power,
  single supply operation. The LT1016, although capable of
  such operation, does not include ground in its input range.
  As such, it must be biased into its operating common
  mode range for practical single supply use. A new device,
  the LT1394, maintains the speed and application civility of
  its predecessor while including ground in its input operating range. Additionally, the new comparator is faster and
  pulls significantly lower operating current than the LT1016.
  This publication borrows shamelessly from earlier LTC
  efforts, while introducing new material.1 It approximates,
  affixes, appends, abridges, amends, abbreviates, abrogates, ameliorates and augments the previous work.2 …

Konstruktionshinweise

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  Rail-to-Rail I/O and 2.4V Operation Allow UltraFast Comparators to be Used on Low Voltage Supplies &mdash DN248
  PDF, 105 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: Jan 1, 2001
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  Rail-to-Rail I/O and 2.4V Operation Allow UltraFast Comparators to be Used on Low Voltage Supplies
  Design Note 248
  Glen Brisebois
  The new LTВ®1711 to LT1714 family of UltraFastв„ў
  comparators have full differential rail-to-rail inputs and
  outputs and operate down to 2.4V, allowing unfettered
  application on low supply voltages. The LT1711 (single)
  and LT1712 (dual) are specified at 4.5ns of propagation
  delay and 100MHz toggle frequency. The lower power
  LT1713 (single) and LT1714 (dual) are specified at 7ns
  of propagation delay and 65MHz toggle frequency. All
  of these comparators are fully equipped to support
  multiple supply applications and have Latch Enable
  (LE) pins and complementary outputs like the popular
  LT1016, LT1116, LT1671 and LT1394. They are available in MSOP and SSOP packages, fully specified
  over commercial and industrial temperature ranges
  on 2.7V, 5V and В±5V supplies.
  Simultaneous Full Duplex 75Mbaud Interface
  with Only Two Wires
  The circuit of Figure 1 shows a simple, fully bidirectional, differential 2-wire interface that gives good
  results to 75Mbaud, using the lower power LT1714.
  Eye diagrams under conditions of unidirectional and
  bidirectional communication are shown in Figures 2 …

Artikel

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  New UltraFast Comparators: Rail-to-Rail Inputs and 2.4V Operation Allow Use on Low Supplies &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 194 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: Feb 1, 2001
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  DESIGN FEATURES New UltraFast Comparators: Rail-toRail Inputs and 2.4V Operation Allow
  Use on Low Supplies
  by Glen Brisebois
  Introduction
  The new LT1711 family of UltraFast
  comparators has fully differential railto-rail inputs and outputs and
  operates on supplies as low as 2.4V,
  allowing unfettered application on low
  voltages. The LT1711 (single) and
  LT1712 (dual) are specified at 4.5ns
  of propagation delay and 100MHz
  toggle frequency. The low power
  LT1713 (single) and LT1714 (dual)
  are specified at 7ns of propagation
  delay and 65MHz toggle frequency.
  All of these comparators are fully
  equipped to support multiple-supply
  applications, and have latch-enable
  pins and complementary outputs like
  the popular LT1016, LT1671 and
  LT1394. They are available in MSOP
  and SSOP packages, fully specified
  over commercial and industrial temperature ranges on 2.7V, 5V and В±5V …

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  A 7ns, 6mA, Single-Supply Comparator Fabricated on Linear &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 271 Kb, Datei veröffentlicht: May 1, 1998
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  DESIGN FEATURES A 7ns, 6mA, Single-Supply
  Comparator Fabricated on Linear’s
  6GHz Complementary Bipolar Process
  by Jim Williams and Brian Hamilton
  Introduction
  The LT1394 is an ultrafast (7ns), low
  power (6mA), single-supply comparator designed to operate on either 5V
  or В±5V supplies. It has a maximum
  offset voltage of 2.5mV, complementary TTL compatible outputs and
  output latch capability. The LT1394
  is the first product made with Linear
  Technology’s 6GHz complementary
  bipolar technology. This fine-line
  geometry process results in a product
  with dramatically improved speed and
  power compared to industry-standard
  comparators developed in slower NPNonly technologies.
  These features combine to make
  the LT1394 well suited for applicaVCC I1 I2 I3 I4 D15
  VCC VEE D2 R4 tions such as high performance NTSC
  crystal oscillators, single-supply voltage-to-frequency converters and high
  speed, high accuracy level detectors.
  The LT1394 is offered in SO-8 and is …

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• Signal Conditioning > Comparators > High Speed Comparators
• Space & Harsh Environment > Military Hermetic (M)